Topology Atlas Document # paca-24

The fourteen subsets problem: interiors, closures and complements

Henno Brandsma

a note in Topology Explained
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It is a famous and well-known question how many different subsets can be formed from a given subset A, when we repeatedly apply the operations of complementation, closure and interior to A, in any order we choose. The answer turns out to be 14 at most, and there are spaces and subsets that realise all 14 of them. In this note I will show all of this, by turning the problem into an algebraic one, giving a set of rules that determine all relations (inclusions) that are generally true (for all subsets and all spaces), and deducing the result from that.

Date: December 22, 2003


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